Counselling Model

Evaluate the claim that mortal Centred Therapy cristals the healer completely that he/she go away need to treat knobs. Word Count 2,508 During this essay I go forth present my findings as I view them. I am relatively new to charge, this hinders my rate of flow induce and limits my opinions slightly therapy and what methodologies argon more or less effective when offering therapy to lymph nodes.So, based on textbook book theories ( unaccompanied at this stage), I will present my findings about knob touch on therapy and compound a add up of assorted methodologies that brace assisted me to decipher the answer to this nubble distrust, and lowstanding how affectional thickening center therapy is as an coming. The research is informative and position provoking. It certainly raises questions of how nodes were viewed and treated in the past, well(p) into the here(predicate) and now. My task is to look the above title, possibly uncovering a rather more manifo ld possibility than maven whitethorn front assume.Initi eachy I explored the world of psychotherapy to provide me with an insight and greater instinct on this subject, also identify the influences and permutes that has occurred in a relatively short space of clock time in this developing area of psychology. As utter by Saunders (2002 pg 14). From centuries-old ancient philosophies and cultures, through to current ideas in our suffer white European culture. A summary of the more recent landmarks would go back around coke days to the take of Sigmund Freud.Freud was a physician and the creator of many theories, primarily concentersed on psychoanalysis. His work was from clinic altogethery derived experiences that were based on feedback from his patients during therapy. This gave birth to the psychodynamic get which stemmed from Freuds collection of theories. Freud and his colleagues were psychologists who were treating their patients for imprint or anxiety related disorde rs. Although shunned by the medical profession until later in his career, Freud continued to make up and clay sculpture psychology as it is recognised instantly.Highly influential and extremely hot professional men introduced their accessi mavens into delivering the divergent theories/ techniques, exclusively(prenominal)(prenominal) of which take away influenced and set the tone for the philosophy of psychology today. Definition of psychology, this was derived from the Latin its depict in two parts, 1. Psyche kernel Breathe, Sprit, Soul. 2. Ology meaning Study of the mind. (Modern Latin, (Oxford dictionary 2000 pg, 652). Psychology e unite from Biology and philosophy, today it is almost linked with other disciplines including sociology, medicine, linguistics and anthropology.My main focus for study is Carl Rogerss 1902-1987 (Rogerian woo). guidance has emerged into a in advance(p) therapy, thanks to Rogerss use to move towards supporting the knob with a non-judge a ffable, kind and empathetic address. Rogers real his theories and debated about the vital skills exactd when a therapist engages with the client. Rogers not only theorised on mental ailment he was also highly influential when developing other areas of therapies which I will explicate march on on.Rogers was resolute in his beliefs that the clients success was based purely on his cardinal impression elements all blended together for an effective outcome. As the founder of client centered therapy Rogers was passionate about his ideas. The methodology he expendd was from a homophileistic view and his techniques start out made a ample impact into a world of psychology and psychotherapy. In 1942 the term Non-Directive Therapy was born that careend golf club age later by Rogers who preferred to use the term Client Centered Therapy.Other leading psychotherapy approaches were introduced from Albert Ellis (1913-2007), an Ameri tidy sum psychologist who instigated the Cognitive approach kn proclaim as Rational Emotional Behaviour Therapy (REBT) that theorised that as deal our thoughts go over and depict our feelings its a directive therapy that is solution based. Whereas, Gerard Egan, founder of the Integrative approaches, claims to use more or less(prenominal) technique is appropriate tally to the clients issues and is described as middle of the road school of thought.From the beginning it was Rogerss intention to provide a radical alternative to the then current psychodynamic and behavioural approaches. Psychotherapy was a grand unexplored area that was waiting for a new and different alternative which Rogerss brought about. Psychiatrists are first and foremost medical practitioners who work from an established Medical Model of Mental Illness apply by psychiatrists and mental health professionals to describe the amply ambit of human mental distress and disturbances. and according to Saunders no more than a system of naming things (e. g. the te rm neurosis, Literally meaning an infection of the nerves is only if a list of symptoms it actually explains nothing)pg106. This was a long established method used when applying a p arrive at intend in which there was limited flexibility and had deep rooted entrenched guidelines. During the 1960s Rogers began to use the principles of his approach into other areas such as education, management, group work and resolving conflict.Many years ago all treatments/ therapies were all encased under one label medical treatment and in the early years psychotherapy would only be carried out in a clinical environment where people were separate as patients that need treatment to cure their illness. Counselling on the other hand can be viewed as both medical and educational. Rogers had to use the term centering as a emergency compel by the American medical profession. The term counselling is deemed suitable to use if not causing medical disturbances moreover only deep issues in the mind (S aunders, (2002) pg107).Rogers conscientiously and gradually over time merged counselling/psychotherapy cohesively together. It is now virtually impossible to distinguish the differences between the two. The purpose of client centered therapy is to abet the client to act about their make self-awareness of their feelings. It is a nurturing knead that functions without the counsellor/therapist suggesting or advising how to bring about change. It is not a solution based therapy. The therapists role when delivering this approach is to offer a safe and relaxed environment, where the atmosphere creates an aura of empathy, acceptance and no judgements.As stated by (Saunders 2006) The blunt positive degree deliberate element of this condition is not the same as liking or universe comely to the client pg 60. UPR is practised in client centered therapy no matter what the client chooses to disclose. This is achieved by the therapist reflecting and paraphrasing back to the client their inner feelings. The make for will encourage positive feelings to facilitate in lifting the clients inner-self in this safe non-threatening environment. The aim is to encourage negativity to rise and bring about self-awareness for the client to explore their reasons for organism in treatment.Carl Rogers assumed that all human beings, if given the right hazard, are introductoryally sincere and will strive towards safeness as their main goal. Secondly that the clients experiences are remarkable only to themselves, and in the long run he felt up that the clients midland instincts would guide them into reaching their full possible resulting in self-actualization thus, creating self-healing as a fully functioning individual. Rogers states in his actualizing theory that all human beings are drawn towards their natural tendency, as we are more than just crop and extract.Individuals need to understand their value and growth. All humanistic psychologists are focused on the soul fulness as a only, where as the cognitive approach identifies parts of the being. Cognitive and behavioural approaches focus on irrational beliefs, effect feelings and are responsible for creating the behaviour. Rogers specified that we are lifelike organismic individuals with the talent of self-healing that involves psychological healing. Due to ones self-doubt and an ingrained belief system (an instilled program since childhood) instils these unsuccessful ideas into our psyche.Thus, creating a belief system of feeling scrutinized and judged. Person centered psychology is more interested in the clients throw perception of their distress. We feel as individuals that our own beliefs are accurate and fail to recognize that these thought processes were deep-seated by others (our primary carers and peers), through incidents and learnt behaviour. Client centered therapy is collaborative, its a guide to facilitate the client to seek out their own self-realization, which for some will be viewed as an advantage, it offers a excuse range approach to explore inner feelings, for both therapist and client.Client centered therapy encourages growth and its aim is in transfer immaturity into maturity, this is vital for progress and healing. Rogers approach when implemented correctly should bring about spark the self-healing process he believes is found in each one of us as. Another well-known account is Maslow who designed A model shaped as a pyramid called the Hierarchy of needs human-centered approach this is used in many areas of therapy including education and training in the work place.When Maslows basic core conditions are applied in a respectful, non-threatening manner they enable the client to direct the process of their phronesis (through their wisdom). Maslows theory consists of a five-step process, starting from the bottom and only raising to the next direct by attaining that aim of needs. Starting from a persons basic physiological human need of exce rption require water, food and shelter. Stepping up again to the next level will accommodate the persons requirement of personal safety and protection from danger and the emotional need for security.Raising again up to the thirdly level it covers a persons social needs that involve the need for acceptance by peers and friendship. aim four covers the need for self-respect and self-esteem. A person requires the emotional need for status and self-confidence, finally reaching the tip of the pyramid, is the need to reach and realise ones own potential of self-actualisation. As stated in the chrysalis work book (module one pg9), Maslow believed that everyone is born with the potential to self-actualise and that, given a practised environment, this can be achieved.He pathified this as reaching a peak experience which can be experiencing gratification and unimaginable happiness. Rogers stressed the importance of his six key conditions being both Necessary and capable for cure change to take place as quoted by Saunders, P. (20069). The therapist and client have to have a trustworthy affinity based on a two way psychological connection. Rogers felt that if the client felt the slightest hint that this was not the case the counselling would be flawed from the onset. The client feels endangered and uneasy and views themselves as needing assistance.The therapist needs to be balanced and healthy minded about their own residing issues and have dealt with their own issues during their training. As Rogerss states, it is vital that the therapist can accurately be himself in the relationship. A fundamental requirement of Client centered therapy specifies that the therapist actually feels a genuine regard towards the client. Rogers terms this as an unconditional positive regard (UPR) an empathetic approach. The therapist needs to be authentic, honest and a willingness to be open with self-disclosure.Rogers specifies that the client must be completely listened to withou t any respite from the therapist, who should take the stand that they have fully understood with a genuine regard to support the client. To support the number of approaches, Chrysalis designed A Model (TIME) an acronym profane, Interventional, Multi- model, Empathy. This effective tool offers guidance when selecting an appropriate approach to be in force(p) hence with the formatted structure as a set of rules in which to be guided by. This is a profoundly plain tool that has been designed as a multi-model (it fits all).The TIME models function is to commixture and counterbalance the clients issue/s, personality and suitability by selecting the appropriate treatment plan. Temporal meaning time, Interventional involves using other holistic therapies to run along side these approached , which may assist with the cognitive side of the person for example using hypnotherapy by communicating with the subconscious, where positive suggestions and affirmations may be placed to subst itute the disconfirming beliefs that are blocking/hindering progress. The client may relax enough to allow their own phronesis (practical instinctive wisdom) to appear.Multi Model is combining or selecting the different approaches from a variety of therapeutic sources. Chrysalis encourages the therapist to explore all approaches and form a comprehensive treatment plan that is tailored to an individual. The last area to hash out is empathy, all therapy is empathetic, and it would be impossible to implement without it. As suggested in Saunders primer (2006) being empathetic is to encompass the internal frame of reference of another with accuracy, and with the emotional components and meaningspg 66.Empathy and communication is therefore essential. Disadvantages for some clients, if offering client centered therapy could be bring about discontentment, as it involves a long duration of time, (from the clients perspective) they may not wish to attend numerous sessions, they may be una ble to remain focused, bear on their want and stop attending. Client centered therapy may place too much pressure on the client if they themselves require direction and solutions to their predicament. Results are hard to gage thus, questioning its impact as a structure ystem. Client centered therapy may be seen as far too simple and the whole approach could be misunderstood thus, affecting its effectiveness. I like the feel of client centred therapy, for me it offers a kind, dingy and ennoble treatment. The client may develop from this approach, however I can only surmise that as client centered therapy permits self-exploration, holistically healing the individual it will not be suitable for all clients, as the question suggests but it is certainly suitable for dealing with the here and now and promotes self development.These modern multiplication have seen a shift in emphasis with the medical approaches. The public are open to hatch different holistic therapies. Today the opp ortunities for people to try out new ideas and concepts are more readily gettable than ever before. Psychotherapy and counselling has flourished into a general acceptance. Some General practitioners promote counselling as a way forward rather than the patients only being offered powerful invasive drugs viewed with aid and some considered as highly addictive and not addressing the root of the clients issue/s.I am in no doubt that through time and as this course progresses my perspective will change for the better. I have already started to question how I converse with people on a one to one level. Questioning my ability to actually actively listen and observe my approach towards empathy & being non-judgemental. Feedback in class and group work will further contribute to these interpersonal skills in order to befit a competent therapist.How I can/will deal with total honesty towards a client, under whatsoever circumstances, regardless of the clients issue/s are certainly challeng ing tasks frontward of me. I am looking forward to practising the models and theories available. I understand that not every model or approach is suitable to every client and experience will help in my development for the good of the client. I am appreciative and thrilled to be living in todays times, where opportunity and options are the norm for the majority of people.Today as a culture we not only require change but we encourage progress in the holistic world of therapies. REFERENCES Rogers, C. (1951). Client Centered Therapy. UK Constable & Robinson Ltd publisher. Sanders, P. (2002). outgrowth move in Counselling. A Students companion for basic introductory courses Third edition, UK Ross-on-Wye, Saunders, P. Franklin, A. Wilkins, P. (2009). Next Steps in Counselling Practise. Second edition, UK Ross-on-Wye, PCCS Books. Saunders, P (2006). The Person-Centered Counselling Primer. UK Ross-on-Wye, PCCS Books.Counselling ModelEvaluate the claim that Person Centred Therapy offers t he therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients. Word Count 2,508 During this essay I will present my findings as I view them. I am relatively new to counselling, this hinders my current experience and limits my opinions about therapy and what methodologies are more or less effective when offering therapy to clients.So, based on text book theories (only at this stage), I will present my findings about client centered therapy and incorporate a number of different methodologies that have assisted me to decipher the answer to this core question, and understanding how affective client centered therapy is as an approach. The research is informative and thought provoking. It certainly raises questions of how clients were viewed and treated in the past, right into the here and now. My task is to explore the above title, possibly uncovering a rather more complex theory than one may first assume.Initially I explored the world of psychotherapy to provide me with an insight and greater understanding on this subject, also identify the influences and changes that has occurred in a relatively short space of time in this developing area of psychology. As stated by Saunders (2002 pg 14). From centuries-old ancient philosophies and cultures, through to current ideas in our own white European culture. A summary of the more recent landmarks would go back around 100 years to the work of Sigmund Freud.Freud was a physician and the creator of many theories, primarily focussed on psychoanalysis. His work was from clinically derived experiences that were based on feedback from his patients during therapy. This gave birth to the psychodynamic approach which stemmed from Freuds collection of theories. Freud and his colleagues were psychologists who were treating their patients for depression or anxiety related disorders. Although shunned by the medical profession until later in his career, Freud continued to shape and mould psychology as it is recognised today.Highly influentia l and extremely passionate professional men introduced their approaches into delivering the different theories/techniques, all of which have influenced and set the tone for the philosophy of psychology today. Definition of psychology, this was derived from the Latin its described in two parts, 1. Psyche meaning Breathe, Sprit, Soul. 2. Ology meaning Study of the mind. (Modern Latin, (Oxford dictionary 2000 pg, 652). Psychology emerged from Biology and philosophy, today it is closely linked with other disciplines including sociology, medicine, linguistics and anthropology.My main focus for study is Carl Rogerss 1902-1987 (Rogerian approach). Counselling has emerged into a sophisticated therapy, thanks to Rogerss intention to move towards supporting the client with a non-judgemental, kind and empathetic approach. Rogers developed his theories and debated about the vital skills required when a therapist engages with the client. Rogers not only theorised on mental illness he was also hi ghly influential when developing other areas of therapies which I will explain further on.Rogers was resolute in his beliefs that the clients success was based purely on his six core elements all blended together for an effective outcome. As the founder of client centered therapy Rogers was passionate about his ideas. The methodology he used was from a humanistic view and his techniques have made a huge impact into a world of psychology and psychotherapy. In 1942 the term Non-Directive Therapy was born but changed nine years later by Rogers who preferred to use the term Client Centered Therapy.Other leading psychotherapy approaches were introduced from Albert Ellis (1913-2007), an American psychologist who instigated the Cognitive approach known as Rational Emotional Behaviour Therapy (REBT) that theorised that as people our thoughts control and depict our feelings its a directive therapy that is solution based. Whereas, Gerard Egan, founder of the Integrative approaches, claims to use whatever technique is appropriate according to the clients issues and is described as middle of the road school of thought.From the beginning it was Rogerss intention to provide a radical alternative to the then current psychodynamic and behavioural approaches. Psychotherapy was a vast unexplored area that was waiting for a new and different alternative which Rogerss brought about. Psychiatrists are first and foremost medical practitioners who work from an established Medical Model of Mental Illness Used by psychiatrists and mental health professionals to describe the full range of human psychological distress and disturbances. and according to Saunders no more than a system of naming things (e. g. the term neurosis, Literally meaning an infection of the nerves is just a list of symptoms it actually explains nothing)pg106. This was a long established method used when applying a treatment plan in which there was limited flexibility and had deep rooted entrenched guidelines. Durin g the 1960s Rogers began to use the principles of his approach into other areas such as education, management, group work and resolving conflict.Many years ago all treatments/ therapies were all encased under one label medical treatment and in the early years psychotherapy would only be carried out in a clinical environment where people were classified as patients that need treatment to cure their illness. Counselling on the other hand can be viewed as both medical and educational. Rogers had to use the term counselling as a requirement enforced by the American medical profession. The term counselling is deemed suitable to use if not causing medical disturbances but only deep issues in the mind (Saunders, (2002) pg107).Rogers conscientiously and gradually over time merged counselling/psychotherapy cohesively together. It is now virtually impossible to distinguish the differences between the two. The purpose of client centered therapy is to encourage the client to bring about their o wn self-awareness of their feelings. It is a nurturing process that functions without the counsellor/therapist suggesting or advising how to bring about change. It is not a solution based therapy. The therapists role when delivering this approach is to offer a safe and relaxed environment, where the atmosphere creates an aura of empathy, acceptance and no judgements.As stated by (Saunders 2006) The unconditional positive regard element of this condition is not the same as liking or being nice to the client pg 60. UPR is practised in client centered therapy no matter what the client chooses to disclose. This is achieved by the therapist reflecting and paraphrasing back to the client their inner feelings. The process will encourage positive feelings to facilitate in lifting the clients inner-self in this safe non-threatening environment. The aim is to encourage negativity to rise and bring about self-awareness for the client to explore their reasons for being in treatment.Carl Rogers assumed that all human beings, if given the right opportunity, are basically good and will strive towards goodness as their main goal. Secondly that the clients experiences are unique only to themselves, and finally he felt that the clients internal instincts would guide them into reaching their full potential resulting in self-actualization thus, creating self-healing as a fully functioning individual. Rogers states in his actualizing theory that all human beings are drawn towards their natural tendency, as we are more than just growth and survival.Individuals need to understand their value and growth. All humanistic psychologists are focused on the person as a whole, where as the cognitive approach identifies parts of the being. Cognitive and behavioural approaches focus on irrational beliefs, effect feelings and are responsible for creating the behaviour. Rogers specified that we are instinctive organismic individuals with the capacity of self-healing that involves psychological healing. Due to ones self-doubt and an ingrained belief system (an instilled program since childhood) instils these self-defeating ideas into our psyche.Thus, creating a belief system of feeling scrutinized and judged. Person centered psychology is more interested in the clients own perception of their distress. We feel as individuals that our own beliefs are accurate and fail to recognize that these thought processes were planted by others (our primary carers and peers), through incidents and learnt behaviour. Client centered therapy is collaborative, its a guide to facilitate the client to seek out their own self-realization, which for some will be viewed as an advantage, it offers a free range approach to explore inner feelings, for both therapist and client.Client centered therapy encourages growth and its aim is in convert immaturity into maturity, this is vital for progress and healing. Rogers approach when implemented correctly should bring about activating the self-healing p rocess he believes is found in each one of us as. Another well-known figure is Maslow who designed A model shaped as a pyramid called the Hierarchy of needs Humanistic approach this is used in many areas of therapy including education and training in the work place.When Maslows basic core conditions are applied in a respectful, non-threatening manner they enable the client to direct the process of their phronesis (through their wisdom). Maslows theory consists of a five-step process, starting from the bottom and only raising to the next level by attaining that level of needs. Starting from a persons basic physiological human need of survival require water, food and shelter. Stepping up again to the next level will accommodate the persons requirement of personal safety and protection from danger and the emotional need for security.Raising again up to the third level it covers a persons social needs that involve the need for acceptance by peers and friendship. Level four covers the ne ed for self-respect and self-esteem. A person requires the emotional need for status and self-confidence, finally reaching the tip of the pyramid, is the need to reach and realise ones own potential of self-actualisation. As stated in the chrysalis work book (module one pg9), Maslow believed that everyone is born with the potential to self-actualise and that, given a good environment, this can be achieved.He classified this as reaching a peak experience which can be experiencing joy and unimaginable happiness. Rogers stressed the importance of his six key conditions being both Necessary and Sufficient for therapeutic change to take place as quoted by Saunders, P. (20069). The therapist and client have to have a genuine relationship based on a two way psychological connection. Rogers felt that if the client felt the slightest hint that this was not the case the counselling would be flawed from the onset. The client feels vulnerable and anxious and views themselves as needing assistan ce.The therapist needs to be balanced and healthy minded about their own residing issues and have dealt with their own issues during their training. As Rogerss states, it is vital that the therapist can accurately be himself in the relationship. A fundamental requirement of Client centered therapy specifies that the therapist actually feels a genuine regard towards the client. Rogers terms this as an unconditional positive regard (UPR) an empathetic approach. The therapist needs to be authentic, transparent and a willingness to be open with self-disclosure.Rogers specifies that the client must be completely listened to without any interruption from the therapist, who should demonstrate that they have fully understood with a genuine regard to support the client. To support the number of approaches, Chrysalis designed A Model (TIME) an acronym Temporal, Interventional, Multi- model, Empathy. This effective tool offers guidance when selecting an appropriate approach to be practiced acc ordingly with the formatted structure as a set of rules in which to be guided by. This is a profoundly simple tool that has been designed as a multi-model (it fits all).The TIME models function is to mix and match the clients issue/s, personality and suitability by selecting the appropriate treatment plan. Temporal meaning time, Interventional involves using other holistic therapies to run alongside these approached , which may assist with the cognitive side of the person for example using hypnotherapy by communicating with the subconscious, where positive suggestions and affirmations may be placed to replace the negative beliefs that are blocking/hindering progress. The client may relax enough to allow their own phronesis (practical instinctive wisdom) to appear.Multi Model is combining or selecting the different approaches from a variety of therapeutic sources. Chrysalis encourages the therapist to explore all approaches and form a comprehensive treatment plan that is tailored to an individual. The last area to discuss is empathy, all therapy is empathetic, and it would be impossible to implement without it. As suggested in Saunders primer (2006) being empathetic is to perceive the internal frame of reference of another with accuracy, and with the emotional components and meaningspg 66.Empathy and communication is therefore essential. Disadvantages for some clients, if offering client centered therapy could be bring about discontentment, as it involves a long duration of time, (from the clients perspective) they may not wish to attend numerous sessions, they may be unable to remain focused, affecting their motivation and stop attending. Client centered therapy may place too much pressure on the client if they themselves require direction and solutions to their predicament. Results are hard to gage thus, questioning its impact as a structured ystem. Client centered therapy may be seen as far too simple and the whole approach could be misunderstood thus, affe cting its effectiveness. I like the feel of client centred therapy, for me it offers a kind, gentle and dignified treatment. The client may develop from this approach, however I can only surmise that as client centered therapy permits self-exploration, holistically healing the individual it will not be suitable for all clients, as the question suggests but it is certainly suitable for dealing with the here and now and promotes self development.These modern times have seen a shift in emphasis with the medical approaches. The public are open to embrace different holistic therapies. Today the opportunities for people to try out new ideas and concepts are more readily available than ever before. Psychotherapy and counselling has flourished into a general acceptance. Some General practitioners promote counselling as a way forward rather than the patients only being offered powerful invasive drugs viewed with caution and some considered as highly addictive and not addressing the root of t he clients issue/s.I am in no doubt that through time and as this course progresses my perspective will change for the better. I have already started to question how I converse with people on a one to one level. Questioning my ability to actually actively listen and observe my approach towards empathy & being non-judgemental. Feedback in class and group work will further contribute to these interpersonal skills in order to become a competent therapist.How I can/will deal with total honesty towards a client, under whatever circumstances, regardless of the clients issue/s are certainly challenging tasks ahead of me. I am looking forward to practising the models and theories available. I understand that not every model or approach is suitable to every client and experience will help in my development for the good of the client. I am appreciative and thrilled to be living in todays times, where opportunity and options are the norm for the majority of people.Today as a culture we not onl y require change but we encourage progress in the holistic world of therapies. REFERENCES Rogers, C. (1951). Client Centered Therapy. UK Constable & Robinson Ltd publisher. Sanders, P. (2002). First Steps in Counselling. A Students companion for basic introductory courses Third edition, UK Ross-on-Wye, Saunders, P. Franklin, A. Wilkins, P. (2009). Next Steps in Counselling Practise. Second edition, UK Ross-on-Wye, PCCS Books. Saunders, P (2006). The Person-Centered Counselling Primer. UK Ross-on-Wye, PCCS Books.